Last updated: 2025-09-10

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Install TOP R package

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("HarteminkLab/TOP")

Input data

Here, we show an example procedure with several steps for preparing input data.

Load R packages

library(TOP)
library(data.table)

Step 1: Find TF motif matches using FIMO software

To scan for TF motif matches,
we use the FIMO software from the MEME suite.

Download hg38 reference genome FASTA file and save it as hg38.fa.

mkdir -p /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome
cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome
wget https://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/hg38/bigZips/analysisSet/hg38.analysisSet.fa.gz
gunzip -c hg38.analysisSet.fa.gz > hg38.fa

Generate the chrom.sizes file which will be needed later.

index_fa('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome/hg38.fa', chromsize_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome/hg38.chrom.sizes')

Download the motif files (in MEME format) from JASPAR.

mkdir -p /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/motifs/
cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/motifs/

wget https://jaspar.elixir.no/download/data/2024/CORE/JASPAR2024_CORE_non-redundant_pfms_meme.zip
unzip JASPAR2024_CORE_non-redundant_pfms_meme.zip -d JASPAR2024_CORE_non-redundant_pfms_meme

Run FIMO

Step 2: Get candidate TF binding sites

We take motif matches obtained from FIMO as candidate binding sites, and add 100 bp flanking regions on both sides of the motifs, then filter candidate sites by FIMO p-value and PWM score, and filter the candidate sites falling in ENCODE blacklist regions.

Download ENCODE blacklist from ENCODE portal and save as blacklist.hg38.bed.gz.

mkdir -p /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ENCODE_blacklist
cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ENCODE_blacklist
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF356LFX/@@download/ENCFF356LFX.bed.gz
mv ENCFF356LFX.bed.gz blacklist.hg38.bed.gz

Obtain the candidate sites

Using the following script to run step 1 and step 2 for different TF motifs:

cp /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/motifs/JASPAR2024_CORE_non-redundant_pfms_meme/MA0139.2.meme /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/

cp /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/motifs/JASPAR2024_CORE_non-redundant_pfms_meme/MA0138.3.meme /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/

cp /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/motifs/JASPAR2024_CORE_non-redundant_pfms_meme/MA0506.1.meme /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/

motif_dir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/'

## CTCF
Rscript ~/projects/footprint_clustering/code/get_motif_sites.R \
  --tf='CTCF' --motif='MA0139.2' --motif_dir=$motif_dir \
  --threshP=1e-5 --threshPWM=10 --flank=100 \
  --outdir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/'

## REST
Rscript ~/projects/footprint_clustering/code/get_motif_sites.R \
  --tf='REST' --motif='MA0138.3' --motif_dir=$motif_dir \
  --threshP=1e-5 --threshPWM=10 --flank=100 \
  --outdir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/'

## NRF1
Rscript ~/projects/footprint_clustering/code/get_motif_sites.R \
  --tf='NRF1' --motif='MA0506.1' --motif_dir=$motif_dir \
  --threshP=1e-5 --threshPWM=10 --flank=100 \
  --outdir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/'

Step 3: Count DNase-seq and ATC-seq genome-wide cleavage

We use DNase-seq reads from GM12878 cell line (ENCODE ID: ENCSR000EMT).

We first sort and index the BAM file, and obtain the total number of mapped reads from the idxstats file, which will be used later when normalizing read counts by library sizes.

module load samtools

mkdir -p /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/DNaseseq/GM12878
cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/DNaseseq/GM12878

# Download the BAM file from ENCODE
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF020WZB/@@download/ENCFF020WZB.bam
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF729UYK/@@download/ENCFF729UYK.bam

# Rename the bam file
mv ENCFF020WZB.bam DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_rep1_ENCFF020WZB_hg38.bam
mv ENCFF729UYK.bam DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_rep2_ENCFF729UYK_hg38.bam

samtools merge DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_hg38.bam DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_rep1_ENCFF020WZB_hg38.bam DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_rep2_ENCFF729UYK_hg38.bam

samtools sort DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_hg38.bam -o DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_sorted_hg38.bam

rm DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_hg38.bam

# This BAM file has already been sorted, so we skip the sorting step. 
sort_index_idxstats_bam('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/DNaseseq/GM12878/DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_sorted_hg38.bam', sort=FALSE, index=TRUE, idxstats=TRUE)

count_genome_cuts(bam_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/DNaseseq/GM12878/DNaseseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_sorted_hg38.bam', 
                  chrom_size_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome/hg38.chrom.sizes', 
                  data_type='DNase',
                  outdir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/',
                  outname='GM12878.DNase')

We use ATAC-seq reads from GM12878 cell line (ENCODE ID: ENCSR095QNB) for example.

We first sort and index the BAM file, and obtain the total number of mapped reads from the idxstats file, which will be used later when normalizing read counts by library sizes.

module load samtools

mkdir -p /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ATACseq/GM12878
cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ATACseq/GM12878

# Download the BAM file from ENCODE
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF415FEC/@@download/ENCFF415FEC.bam
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF646NWY/@@download/ENCFF646NWY.bam

# Rename the bam file
mv ENCFF415FEC.bam ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_rep1_ENCFF415FEC_hg38.bam
mv ENCFF646NWY.bam ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_rep2_ENCFF646NWY_hg38.bam

samtools merge ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_hg38.bam ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_rep1_ENCFF415FEC_hg38.bam ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_rep2_ENCFF646NWY_hg38.bam

samtools sort ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_hg38.bam -o ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_sorted_hg38.bam

rm ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_hg38.bam

# This BAM file has already been sorted, so we skip the sorting step. 
sort_index_idxstats_bam('/project/spott/kevinluo/Fiber_seq/data/ATACseq/ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_hg38.bam', sort=FALSE, index=TRUE, idxstats=TRUE)

Next, we count the ATAC reads along the genome, and save the genome counts in BigWig files. This step may take a while especially for large BAM files (the example BAM file we used here is very large, ~9.4 GB), but it only needs to be done once. These BigWig files could be for extracting the DNase or ATAC count matrices around the candidate sites for different motifs.

For ATAC-seq, to address the offsets inherent in ATAC-seq reads, we shift ATAC-seq read start positions by aligning the signal across strands, thereby obtaining more accurate Tn5 binding locations (Buenrostro et al., 2013).

count_genome_cuts(bam_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ATACseq/GM12878/ATACseq_GM12878_alignments_merged_sorted_hg38.bam', 
                  chrom_size_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome/hg38.chrom.sizes', 
                  data_type='ATAC',
                  outdir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/',
                  outname='GM12878.ATAC')

Step 4: Get DNase- or ATAC-seq count matrices around candidate sites, then normalize, bin and transform the counts

Get DNase-seq read counts matrix around candidate sites:

CTCF

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/CTCF_MA0139.2_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

count_matrix <- get_sites_counts(sites,
                                 genomecount_dir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/',
                                 genomecount_name='GM12878.DNase')
saveRDS(count_matrix, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/CTCF.GM12878.DNase.counts.mat.rds')

REST

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/REST_MA0138.3_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

count_matrix <- get_sites_counts(sites,
                                 genomecount_dir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/',
                                 genomecount_name='GM12878.DNase')
saveRDS(count_matrix, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/REST.GM12878.DNase.counts.mat.rds')

NRF1

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/NRF1_MA0506.1_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

count_matrix <- get_sites_counts(sites,
                                 genomecount_dir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/',
                                 genomecount_name='GM12878.DNase')
saveRDS(count_matrix, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/NRF1.GM12878.DNase.counts.mat.rds')

Get ATAC-seq read counts matrix around candidate sites:

CTCF

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/CTCF_MA0139.2_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

count_matrix <- get_sites_counts(sites,
                                 genomecount_dir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/',
                                 genomecount_name='GM12878.ATAC')
saveRDS(count_matrix, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/CTCF.GM12878.ATAC.counts.mat.rds')

REST

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/REST_MA0138.3_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

count_matrix <- get_sites_counts(sites,
                                 genomecount_dir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/',
                                 genomecount_name='GM12878.ATAC')
saveRDS(count_matrix, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/REST.GM12878.ATAC.counts.mat.rds')

NRF1

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/NRF1_MA0506.1_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

count_matrix <- get_sites_counts(sites,
                                 genomecount_dir='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/',
                                 genomecount_name='GM12878.ATAC')
saveRDS(count_matrix, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/NRF1.GM12878.ATAC.counts.mat.rds')

Prepare CTCF ChIP-seq data

Download CTCF GM12878 ChIP-seq BAM files (ENCODE ID: ENCSR000DRZ).

mkdir -p /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878
cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878

# Download the ChIP-seq BAM files
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF430XCG/@@download/ENCFF430XCG.bam
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF794BPW/@@download/ENCFF794BPW.bam

# Rename the BAM files
mv ENCFF430XCG.bam CTCF_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF430XCG_hg38.bam
mv ENCFF794BPW.bam CTCF_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF794BPW_hg38.bam

Download CTCF ChIP-seq peaks

cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878

# Download the ChIP-seq peaks
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF951PEM/@@download/ENCFF951PEM.bed.gz

# Rename the peak files
mv ENCFF951PEM.bed.gz CTCF.GM12878.ChIPseq.peaks.bed.gz

Sort and index the BAM files and obtain the number of mapped reads.

# The BAM files have already been sorted, so we skip the sorting step. 
sort_index_idxstats_bam('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/CTCF_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF430XCG_hg38.bam', sort=FALSE, index=TRUE, idxstats=TRUE)

sort_index_idxstats_bam('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/CTCF_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF794BPW_hg38.bam', sort=FALSE, index=TRUE, idxstats=TRUE)

Count ChIP-seq reads around candidate sites (merge ChIP-seq replicates), and normalize to the reference ChIP-seq library size (default: 20 million).

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/CTCF_MA0139.2_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

sites_chip <- count_normalize_chip(sites,
                                   chip_bam_files=c('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/CTCF_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF430XCG_hg38.bam',
                                                    '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/CTCF_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF794BPW_hg38.bam'),
                                   chrom_size_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome/hg38.chrom.sizes')

Add binary ChIP labels from ChIP-seq peaks

sites_chip_labels <- add_chip_peak_labels_to_sites(sites_chip,chip_peak_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/CTCF.GM12878.ChIPseq.peaks.bed.gz')

saveRDS(sites_chip_labels, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/CTCF.GM12878.sites.chip.labels.rds')

Prepare REST ChIP-seq data

Download REST GM12878 ChIP-seq BAM files (ENCODE ID: ENCSR000BQS).

mkdir -p /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878
cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878

# Download the ChIP-seq BAM files
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF887ZNY/@@download/ENCFF887ZNY.bam
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF213EBE/@@download/ENCFF213EBE.bam

# Rename the BAM files
mv ENCFF887ZNY.bam REST_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF887ZNY_hg38.bam
mv ENCFF213EBE.bam REST_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF213EBE_hg38.bam

Download REST ChIP-seq peaks

cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878

# Download the ChIP-seq peaks
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF262MRD/@@download/ENCFF262MRD.bed.gz

# Rename the peak files
mv ENCFF262MRD.bed.gz REST.GM12878.ChIPseq.peaks.bed.gz

Sort and index the BAM files and obtain the number of mapped reads.

# The BAM files have already been sorted, so we skip the sorting step. 
sort_index_idxstats_bam('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/REST_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF887ZNY_hg38.bam', sort=FALSE, index=TRUE, idxstats=TRUE)

sort_index_idxstats_bam('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/REST_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF213EBE_hg38.bam', sort=FALSE, index=TRUE, idxstats=TRUE)

Count ChIP-seq reads around candidate sites (merge ChIP-seq replicates), and normalize to the reference ChIP-seq library size (default: 20 million).

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/REST_MA0138.3_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

sites_chip <- count_normalize_chip(sites,
                                   chip_bam_files=c('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/REST_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF887ZNY_hg38.bam',
                                                    '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/REST_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF213EBE_hg38.bam'),
                                   chrom_size_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome/hg38.chrom.sizes')

Add binary ChIP labels from ChIP-seq peaksxw

sites_chip_labels <- add_chip_peak_labels_to_sites(sites_chip,chip_peak_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/REST.GM12878.ChIPseq.peaks.bed.gz')

saveRDS(sites_chip_labels, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/REST.GM12878.sites.chip.labels.rds')

Prepare NRF1 ChIP-seq data

Download NRF1 GM12878 ChIP-seq BAM files (ENCODE ID: ENCSR000DZO).

mkdir -p /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878
cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878

# Download the ChIP-seq BAM files
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF588FQW/@@download/ENCFF588FQW.bam
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF951GZL/@@download/ENCFF951GZL.bam

# Rename the BAM files
mv ENCFF588FQW.bam NRF1_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF588FQW_hg38.bam
mv ENCFF951GZL.bam NRF1_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF951GZL_hg38.bam

Download NRF1 ChIP-seq peaks

cd /project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878

# Download the ChIP-seq peaks
wget https://www.encodeproject.org/files/ENCFF864EBU/@@download/ENCFF864EBU.bed.gz

# Rename the peak files
mv ENCFF864EBU.bed.gz NRF1.GM12878.ChIPseq.peaks.bed.gz

Sort and index the BAM files and obtain the number of mapped reads.

# The BAM files have already been sorted, so we skip the sorting step. 
sort_index_idxstats_bam('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/NRF1_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF588FQW_hg38.bam', sort=FALSE, index=TRUE, idxstats=TRUE)

sort_index_idxstats_bam('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/NRF1_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF951GZL_hg38.bam', sort=FALSE, index=TRUE, idxstats=TRUE)

Count ChIP-seq reads around candidate sites (merge ChIP-seq replicates), and normalize to the reference ChIP-seq library size (default: 20 million).

sites <- readRDS('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/NRF1_MA0506.1_1e-5.candidate.sites.rds')

sites_chip <- count_normalize_chip(sites,
                                   chip_bam_files=c('/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/NRF1_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep1_ENCFF588FQW_hg38.bam',
                                                    '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/NRF1_GM12878_ChIPseq_rep2_ENCFF951GZL_hg38.bam'),
                                   chrom_size_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ref_genome/hg38.chrom.sizes')

Add binary ChIP labels from ChIP-seq peaksxw

sites_chip_labels <- add_chip_peak_labels_to_sites(sites_chip,chip_peak_file='/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/data/ChIPseq/GM12878/NRF1.GM12878.ChIPseq.peaks.bed.gz')

saveRDS(sites_chip_labels, '/project2/xinhe/kevinluo/footprint_clustering/processed_data/hg38/NRF1.GM12878.sites.chip.labels.rds')

sessionInfo()

Prepare input data in GM12878 cell line

Kaixuan Luo

2025-09-10

Input data

Step 1: Find TF motif matches using FIMO software

Step 2: Get candidate TF binding sites

Step 3: Count DNase-seq and ATC-seq genome-wide cleavage

Step 4: Get DNase- or ATAC-seq count matrices around candidate sites, then normalize, bin and transform the counts

Prepare CTCF ChIP-seq data

Prepare REST ChIP-seq data

Prepare NRF1 ChIP-seq data